어휘 esh-805
 This amazing robot ① [was not / was] made in a day. The KAIST team had already built four HUBOs and had been improving them for years. They practiced ② [outdoors / indoors], in good weather and ③ [good / bad], and on ④ [smooth / rough] terrain. They burned up motor after motor, but never gave up. They approached each failure as a challenge to make a ⑤ [faster / slower], ⑥ [weaker / stronger], and ⑦ [worse / better] robot. The DARPA Robotics Challenge eventually ended, but it is only the beginning. In the future, there will be other robots like HUBO. They will be called upon to perform ⑧ [complicated / completed] tasks that will be too dangerous for humans. Scientists expect that these robots will save lives and reduce the ⑨ [damage / enhance] ⑩ [preventd / caused] by future disasters.

어휘 2411-22
 In his Cornell laboratory, David Dunning conducted experimental tests of eyewitness testimony and found evidence that a ① [careless / careful] deliberation of facial features and a detailed discussion of selection procedures can actually be a sign of an ② [inaccurate / accurate] identification. It's when people find themselves ③ [unable / able] to explain why they recognize the person, saying things like "his face just popped out at me," that they tend to be ④ [accurate / inaccurate] more often. Sometimes our first, ⑤ [postponed / immediate], ⑥ [manual / automatic] reaction to a situation is the truest interpretation of what our mind is telling us. That very first impression can also be more accurate about the world than the deliberative, reasoned self-narrative can be. In his book Blink, Malcolm Gladwell describes a variety of studies in psychology and behavioral economics that demonstrate the superior performance of relatively ⑦ [unconscious / conscious] first guesses compared to ⑧ [logical / irrational] step-by-step ⑨ [complications / justifications] for a decision.

어휘 2411-31
 The best defence most species of octopus have is to stay ① [hidden / exposed] as much as ② [possible / impossible] and do their own hunting at night. So to find one in ③ [full / empty] view in the ④ [shallows / deeps] in daylight was a surprise for two Australian underwater photographers. Actually, what they saw at first was a flounder. It was only when they looked again that they saw a medium-sized octopus, with all eight of its arms ⑤ [folded / unfolded] and its two eyes staring ⑥ [upwards / downwards] to create the illusion. An octopus has a big brain, excellent eyesight and the ability to ⑦ [change / maintain] colour and pattern, and this one was using these assets to turn itself into a completely ⑧ [different / difficult] creature. Many more of this species have been found since then, and there are now photographs of octopuses that could be said to be ⑨ [transporting / transforming] into sea snakes. And ⑩ [while / since] they ⑪ [mimic / deny], they hunt ─ producing the spectacle of, say, a flounder suddenly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it down a hole and grabbing whatever's hiding there.

어휘 2411-32
 How much we suffer ① [unrelates / relates] to how we frame the pain in our mind. When 1500m runners ② [pull / push] themselves into ③ [moderate / extreme] pain to win a race ─ their muscles screaming and their lungs exploding with oxygen deficit, they don't psychologically suffer much. ④ [In addition / In fact], ultramarathon runners ─ those people who are crazy enough to push themselves beyond the ⑤ [abnormal / normal] boundaries of human endurance, covering distances of 50-100km or more over many hours, talk about making friends with their pain. When a ⑥ [patient / impatient] has paid for some form of passive back pain therapy and the practitioner ⑦ [pushes / pulles] deeply into a ⑧ [painful / painless] part of a patient's back to mobilise it, the patient calls that good pain if he or she believes this type of deep pressure treatment will be of value, even though the practitioner is pushing right into the patient's sore tissues.

어휘 2411-4142
 From an early age, we assign purpose to objects and events, preferring this reasoning to ① [random / orderly] chance. Children assume, ② [for instance / however], that pointy rocks are that way because they don't want you to sit on them. When we encounter something, we first need to determine what sort of thing it is. Inanimate objects and plants generally do not move and can be evaluated from physics alone. ③ [Moreover / However], by attributing intention to animals and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions about the likely behaviour of that being. This was essential in our hunter-gatherer days to ④ [avoid / confront] being eaten by predators. The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point that survival in our ⑤ [evolutionary / revolutionary] past meant that we interpret ⑥ [distinct / ambiguous] objects as agents with human mental characteristics, as those are the mental processes which we understand. Ambiguous events are ⑦ [caused / preventd] by such agents. This ⑧ [results in / results from] a perceptual system strongly ⑨ [biased / unbiased] towards anthropomorphism. ⑩ [However / Therefore], we tend to assume intention even where there is none. This would have ⑪ [arisen / fallen] as a survival mechanism. If a lion is about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its ⑫ [probable / improbable] intention to kill you. By the time you have realized that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you, you are dead. ⑬ [So, / In addition,] assuming ⑭ [extent / intent], ⑮ [with / without] detailed design analysis or ⑯ [judgmental / understanding] of the physics, has saved your life.